Blue zinc plating thickness. 0002), SC 2 (.

Blue zinc plating thickness. Clear zinc plating is a widely used finish across industries Nov 11, 2024 · The main types of zinc plating include yellow zinc plating, clear/blue zinc plating, and black zinc plating. It would become too technical and expensive to coat the steel any thicker than this. Oct 18, 2024 · Depending on the passivation technique, coating thickness, and additives, zinc plating can have different colors. Also has a significantly Zinc Plating Zinc plating is a popular industrial coating choice for nuts, bolts, hydraulic fittings and more due to its ability to provide excellent corrosion resistance at a low cost. Whether you’re an engineer, manufacturer, or simply curious about metal finishing, this article provides valuable insights into how zinc plating protects components across automotive, construction Applications Zinc plating is widely employed for providing sacrificial protection to steel. PLATING SPECIFICATIONS - A list of our standard and optional finishes along with the description, performance and other relevant information for each finish. 001 Discover how blue zinc plating offers exceptional corrosion resistance for steel and iron. Also included is a graph of hours met for different plating types. This coating protects iron, steel, and similar metals against rust and corrosion. Aug 11, 2020 · Proper coating thickness is crucial in both functional and decorative plating. 1 This specification covers requirements for electrodepos- ited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion. KC Jones offers a high-quality zinc plating service that can help solve your business’s most demanding coating We have a callout for "Bright Blue Zinc Plating", type II, SC3 per ASTM B633. Clear chromate offers from 8 to 12 hours' resistance to white corrosion (zinc oxide or "white rust") and had a clear to slightly iridescent blue appearance. Black Zinc — Black zinc coatings are available as a black oxide that can actually Blue zinc plating with Cr3, is a layer of blue zinc plating on the exterior of the threaded rod, for the purpose of beauty and rust prevention. Jan 1, 2019 · Q. 07 to 0. This process is commonly referred to as mechanical plating. This finish gives the part surface a silver appearance with a slight blue tint. Zinc Plating Capabilities: ! Plating thickness range of 0. Excellent results are achieved in both rack and barrel plating operations. Learn about its benefits, applications, and the best zinc coating methods for your metal parts. A crucial figure is the thread pitch. To that end, you can add the following to your checklist: Metal Objects First, you need the metal you’re trying to plate. And, you can easily get a zinc plating kit to help you out B633 specification covers material and process requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion. 005mm) and a maximum of 25μm (. Apr 24, 2024 · Learn about zinc plating colors techniques, how to achieve them, and their applications in quality metal manufacturing. Founded in 1931, New Method Plating has become an industry leader for . The color of the passivate can be an important consideration for functional parts. May 20, 2025 · Zinc plating is a finishing method for metal surfaces that adds a thin zinc layer. Aug 3, 2024 · Zinc coating passivations In order to improve the corrosion resistance the zinc layer is passivated with one of the Cr3+ passivations. However, cadmium is a much more toxic metal than zinc, which makes the plating process more difficult and costly. Zinc is an excellent, inexpensive, decorative, and sacrificial protective coating against corrosion of steel and iron parts. 2 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4. [8][9][10] The protective effect of chromate coatings on zinc is indicated by color, progressing from clear/blue to yellow, gold, olive drab and black. salt spray resistanceQ. Feb 29, 2024 · Find trivalent blue zinc plating fastener, trivalent blue zinc plated bolt,nut, washer,screw, pin, retaining ring,circlip, rivet, insert,standoff supplier Design for Barrel Processing (Electroplate or Mechanical Plate) Metal parts which are to be zinc or cadmium plated do not ordinarily require polishing with belts or wheels before plating. 0002 in. We carried out salt spray testing for components made with this steel, plated with FeZn8 CrIII and found that it had developed brown rust 1. V. See full list on metalfinishingsltd. 1 mil to over 1. Chromate (passivate) effected immediately after electroplating by short immersing in chromic acid solutions. Learn more about our ASTM B-841 zinc nickel electroplating! Apr 16, 2021 · The various types of zinc plating can be identified by the color produced by the different formulations. (Rack plated parts or barrel plated parts) In zinc plating according DIN EN ISO 4042, zinc ions are deposited from an electrolyte by applying an electrical voltage. Threaded rods are a hardware solution for a variety of construction and plumbing projects, functioning as a sturdy and reliable fastener. Zinc Nickel Widely used by industry in general, and automotive manufacturers in particular, zinc nickel gives sacrificial protection to the underlying iron or steel, that is the zinc corrodes in preference to the substrate. Jul 16, 2025 · Zinc plating comes in more subdued finishes, clear (blue), yellow, black, or green chromates. It provides information on the process, specification details, coating thickness, and application. This comprehensive guide explores zinc plating from fundamentals to advanced applications. Zinc-Nickel is recognized as an environmentally safe alternative to cadmium electroplating. 3 mil thick. Understand its process, performance limits, and how it compares to other zinc coatings Mar 31, 2010 · A. 0001 to 0. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Discover how it protects metal from corrosion, its process, advantages, applications Cadmium & Wax Cadium plating results in a smoother surface and greater resistance to white oxidation spots than zinc plating. In specific applications, Zinc-Nickel demonstrates equivalent, or better, corrosion properties Zinc electroplating is one of the more versatile finishes and can be chromated different colors after plating to achieve different results for a product. These threaded metal rods come in a variety of diameters and lengths, making them suitable for various projects ZNNIV SW Zinc nickel plating, 6um, black trivalent 6UM BLACK 720 ZNS3 Are you maximizing the protection and quality of your metal products with trivalent zinc plating? This method is transforming the industry with its superior corrosion resistance and safety features. The protective qualities of platings are proportional to the plating’s thickness, so thicker zinc coatings offer more protection than thinner coatings. Zinc plating is one of the more versatile plating finishes. This process creates a durable and corrosion-resistant coating. It is commonly chosen because it is cost effective, offers excellent corrosion protection and features an attractive blueish-silver appearance. The equivalent is AISI 1213. Related: Electroplating Review, Specification and Anoplate's industrial metal finishing services include Boding Approved zinc plating. 1), in the as-plated condition or with one of three types Zinc plating offers light-duty corrosion protection for small parts. Also has a significantly We can achieve average zinc coating thickness above 12μm for blue, yellow and black zinc coating, and we produce all kinds of custom brackets, connectors, sheet metal parts, fittings with zinc plating finish. 0005), & SC 4 (. Zinc plated coatings are also known as sacrificial coatings because the zinc coating sacrifices itself to protect the underlying metal from corrosion. It involves electrolytic plating that protects parts from corrosion and enhances their quality. Jan 13, 2025 · Zinc plating produces a bright, reflective, silvery-blue finish which is semi bright or matte. The application of various passivation treatments can enhance zinc’s protective capabilites. Plating thickness can be regulated for a very thin coating of . Common Surface Treatments in the industry: What is Hexavalent zinc plating (Cr6+)? Hexavalent zinc plating is a technique used to apply a protective zinc coating onto metal parts by immersing them in a solution of zinc and chromium ions and passing an electrical current through the solution. In designing to improve quality, consideration should be given to cer- tain rules Colored Zinc Alloy Coating Zinc alloys on electrochemically or mechanically deposited substrates The Science Behind Zinc Plating Colors Depending on the passivation technology, coating thickness and additives, the zinc coating can appear in different colours. 0002), SC 2 (. Still I would warn that several different zinc plating specs might include similar ZNNIV SW Zinc nickel plating, 6um, black trivalent 6UM BLACK 720 ZNS3 Industrial Zinc Plating Gatto Industrial Platers has been providing customers with RoHS Compliant Zinc plating for over 40 years. For general indoor purposes, which do not commonly encounter corrosion, a thinner coating of about 5-8 microns is usually acceptable. Hexavalent zinc plating, also known as chromate conversion coating, involves the use of hexavalent chromium compounds, which provide excellent corrosion resistance. Advantages Electroplating results in smooth, shiny & drip-free surface - preferable for aesthetic reasons. Zinc is preferential to cadmium in indus- trial environments and is deposited in thicknesses ranging from 0. Nov 13, 2024 · Zinc Alloy Plating Thickness Calculator Weight of zinc coating (g/m²): Calculate Thickness Here's a comprehensive table summarizing key information about zinc alloy plating thickness: Zinc Alloy Plating Thickness: All You Need to Know Remember that zinc plating thickness should be chosen based on the specific environmental conditions and requirements of the application5. Hot dip galvanising requires a minimum thickness of 45μm (. Additional specialized types like zinc-nickel plating and alkaline non-cyanide zinc plating are also used in industrial applications for enhanced Sep 16, 2023 · Learn about the surface treatment process, advantages and applications of blue zinc plating CNC machining parts according to this article. We are currently using EN1A steel material. Those to be cleaned or smooth- ened are often treated by barrel finishing or tumbling or other vibrating pro- cesses. We are plating in a zinc barrel line with a blue trivalent passivate. Non-cyanide, high resistance, and efficient thickness deposition. What's the Difference? Hexavalent zinc plating and trivalent zinc plating are two common methods used for corrosion protection and enhancing the appearance of metal surfaces. You’ll learn about different types, process steps, benefits, limitations, and quality control methods. The brightness of zinc deposit plays a Zinc Plating Services (Electroplating) Protecting metal components from corrosion and rust is a challenge for many industries. 0 mil, depending upon the intended application and the corrosion protection required. Zinc alloy baths containing metals such as iron, nickel, and tin have a typical application for functional, high corrosion protection requirements. These colors not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also indicate varying levels of corrosion resistance: Jun 17, 2025 · Here’s an overview of the typical thickness ranges for zinc plating on metal components, distinguishing between the two main processes: Hot-Dip Galvanizing (HDG) and Electrogalvanizing (Electroplating): View our downloadable document that outlines the ASTM requirements for electrodeposited zinc. uk Aug 13, 2024 · Zinc plating can be finished in various colors, primarily determined by the type of chromate conversion coating applied after the zinc layer. Learn about Anoplate's Zynik II zinc plating services here, and request a quote. However, determining the optimal thickness of zinc plating is critical to balancing performance, cost-efficiency, and compliance with industry standards. Clear chromate or passivate protects the zinc layer and offers additional protection against corrosion. It can be used for corrosion resistance, aesthetics or as a paint base over the zinc plated metal. Dec 8, 2024 · Zinc plating provides a durable, corrosion-resistant finish for metal parts, making it a popular choice in industries ranging from automotive to aerospace and construction. The part is currently being produced in China and my local platers are suggesting a dye to get a blue color. 025mm). The thickness of zinc plating depends on the time spent in the plating bath, the amount of electric current,and the chemical composition of bath. For that reason, areas where minimum plating thickness is required should be labeled on the part drawing or noted on a sample piece. This article dives into the key specifications and guidelines for Zinc Plating Zinc plating is a widely used coating for the corrosion protection of steel. 0002 inches. 1 µm on zinc layer. We checked plating thickness and it is measured above 15 microns, then we performed salt spray test (ASTM B117) for one sample from same lot, as per result The chromate coating acts as paint does, protecting the zinc from white corrosion, thus making the part considerably more durable, depending on the chromate layer's thickness. May 21, 2025 · The appropriate thickness of zinc plating is determined considering the environmental conditions as well as the functionalities of the application. One of Zinc plating is widely used to provide sacrificial corrosion protection to steel and is usually deposited in thicknesses varying from 5 to over 25 μm, zinc plated coatings are usually passivated by immersing in chromate solution to increase the resistance of the zinc to corrosion, supplementary treatments can be applied after chromating to provide specific characteristics such as; Sealing Mar 17, 2020 · The thickness of the coating is measured in microns or micrometre’s (μm). The standard most commercial platers use when applying cadmium is a minimum thickness of . Ep : electroplate Fe : substrate to be plated Zn : kind of plating 8 : thickness (8 mic) CM1 : blue chromate CM2 : yellow chromate Joko P. Thanks very much for the response on letter 35197 Ted. A Zinc Plating Company in Toronto, offering Barrel and Rack zinc metal coating processes for as long as anyone. on significant surfaces. Call us at (260) 925-1820. The chromating process increases the corrosion Zinc plating trivalent blue and white passivator Galvanized trivalent chromium blue zinc water BZ-212 is a unique trivalent chromium blue zinc water specially designed for zinc coating. 1 This specification covers material and process require-ments for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion. (for example, Fe/Zn 5C denotes yellow zinc plated with a minimum thickness of 0. Dec 9, 2010 · The zinc coatings and applications chart displays zinc coatings and their application methods. Type I zinc plating provides corrosion resistance but leaves a rough, dull finish due to a lighter etch that doesn't fully clean the metal surface. Chem Processing Inc. Its colour ranges from silver to yellow, black, blue or green. Zinc plating is an essential process in industrial applications, providing a protective coating that enhances corrosion resistance and extends the lifespan of metal components. 2-0. There are a number of factors you can explore when it comes to this issue, but the most common cause of a trivalent passivate yellowing is too much iron in the passivation METALLINE 188 is a cost effective liquid trivalent blue-bright chromate for chloride, cyanide and alkaline zinc plated deposits. ) Jun 7, 2024 · You could use an Elcometer (that's a brand of many instruments) that is typically used in a galvanizing plant to measure zinc thickness on steel, to measure the thickness of the named other coatings. 08-0. Zinc, yellow zinc, and more listed! This article explores the different types of zinc plating and understands when to choose this vital protective coating for metal components. Elevate your corrosion protection with DeKalb's advanced zinc plating process. 3 µm on zinc layer. Trivalent zinc plating stands Clear Zinc Plating and High Corrosion Clear Zinc Clear zinc plating refers to a colorless chromate conversion coating that is applied over zinc as part of the post plating process. Hi Kim. This is a low carbon steel, with carbon 0. One of the Zinc Plating as a Bio-Alternative method Zinc plating as a modern method gained popularity and acceptance around the 1980s approximately. The electrolytic plating process can cause thickness variations of the coating from point to point on a part. Clear Zinc is a widely used Depending on layer thickness and integration of metal cations transparent, blue, iridescent (increas-ing layer thickness) or black passivation layers (black metal oxides, rough surface strong light diffu-sion) can be achieved. Metal Chem Inc. Sep 10, 1986 · But zinc plating looses it initial bright appearance due to environmental co ditions like dust, condensed moisture athigh relative humidities, acidity, high ambient temperatures, etc, and forms bulky, white corrosion pr ducts, usually of basic zinc carbonate. Type II zinc plating uses a heavier etch to remove contaminants, resulting in a shinier, more uniform blue-tinted finish. Zinc is also deposited in a cold tumbling process by impacting zinc powder onto the substrate using glass beads. Zinc plating requires a minimum thickness of 5μm (. However, the use of hexavalent chromium TRICOLITE BL 108 process is a single shot concentrated Trivalent Passivation process which provides instantly, an intense blue colour on zinc and zinc alloy platings which achieves excellent corrosion resistance. Chandrasekhar "Zinc Plating" by Herb Geduld on eBay or Amazon or AbeBooks (affil Oct 9, 2018 · How are zinc plating, mechanical galvanizing, high temperature galvanizing, or thermal diffusion galvanizing different than HDG? HDG Fasteners There are various methods of applying zinc coatings to fasteners and hardware items which are often marketed as equal to or better than hot-dip galvanized… Jan 12, 2017 · Zinc plating thickness vs. 1 to 0. COLDIP® NI-Z TRI BLUE 100 when top coated with Zinc-Chro-SHIELD® will provide 500 hours to white corrosion products. The desired coating, coating thickness, the chromate or passivate finish, the color and appearance (if applicable), or the classification codes as specified in Tables 1-3. When it is used in rolling plating, the first white spot appears in salt spray test for more than 72 hours, and when it is used in hanging plating, Salt spray test for more than 96 hours before the first white Electroplating Thickness Recommendation Chart Table Engineering Finishing Specifications Recommended Minimum Thicknesses for Nickel or Chromium Finishes on Steel, Iron, and Zinc Products Minimum thickness Source: From Quality Metal Finishing Guide, Metal Finishing Suppliers' Association. The parts look great upon initial make-up but begin to yellow in appearance after 2-4 weeks. Before then, it was “cadmium” a highly toxic substance with a high probability of cumulative poisoning effect, in the long run, is the preferred metal for electroplating especially in cases where maximum protection is needed against corrosion. Our automated line boasts nine stations of plating capacity, ensuring precision, consistency, and speed for projects of any size. Zinc and Zinc alloy platers rely heavily upon trivalent passivates for maintaining a consistent and high-quality finish. Yuniartanto - Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia May 11, 2009 publicly reply to Joko P. Its colors range from silver to yellow, black, blue, or green. What is Zinc Plating? Zinc Plating is a widely available solution for protecting steel parts from corrosion. Hopefully Joko's reply answered your question satisfactorily. 001 for severe corrosive environments. Sep 13, 2023 · My designer has specified 13 microns thick zinc plating with blue chromate passivation. This finish gives the part surface a silver appearance with a slight blue color. This has the additional benefit that steel exposed at cut or abraded areas will not easily rust. Jan 15, 2017 · Our blue chromate concentrate produces a true blue conversion coating on zinc plated items. we observed development of white rust (black dots also) on the surface after 3-4 days. It is used for parts that are less exposed to corrosion. The thickness of zinc plating depends on the time spent in the plating bath, the amount of electric current, and the chemical composition of bath. Let's take a look how the JIS defines each type of plating (such as chrome plating and zinc plating). The Varland Advantage: At Varland Plating, we offer advanced chloride-based Zinc plating solutions across both manual and fully automated lines. Zinc is usually provided in a chromated condition, which ranges from blue bright, clear to yellow iridescent, to black. The bulk of commercially plated zinc is 0. Although neither layer meets the minimum thickness per ASTM B545, the two layer combination is effective at preventing zinc migration into the tin plating. The Role of Chromates Jul 15, 2025 · The main differences are in appearance and surface preparation. Zinc plating is specified to improve the appearance and anti-corrosive properties of steel. Same as the zinc clear above only the chromate contains yellow pigment as an identifier. Chandrasekhar automotive component - Bangalore, Karnataka, India 2004 publicly reply to V. There are a number of factors you can explore when it comes to this issue, but the most common cause of a triva-lent passivate yellowing is too much iron in the passiv-ation SUPER BLUE PASSIVATION Super Blue Passivation is an economical and easy to handle blue passivations process. An immediate and through rinse is recommended after Super Blue Passivation to avoid any iridescent. c The maximum thickness of the coating, only if an agreement on measuring the average thickness of the lot. High strength metals, unless otherwise specified, including high 1. The other main benefit is that the coating itself improves the look of the base metal as clear zinc plating has a bright silver/blue appearance. Plated Zinc-Nickel is a durable, highly corrosion resistant coating that was developed in part as a replacement for Cadmium Plating. All trivalent finishes in black, clear and yellow. Jan 7, 2011 · Thread 374/56 White rust in zinc plating with blue passivation Q. We are doing zinc plating with blue passivation for fan tray base fabricated in CRS. It is used in the protection of steel, cast iron, copper, brass and bronze. Zinc plated, blue passivated (CrVI)-free according to ISO 4042 --> Zn/AN/T0, thickness 3-5 µm. Good pH stability, good corrosion resistance and an excellent adhesion to all zinc coated surfaces are some of the notable features of the process. Example of coding: A3L means zinc-plating (A in Table 1) with a minimum layer thickness of 8 µm (3 in Table 2) and yellow-chromated with a glossy degree of gloss (L in Table 3). Our Cr+3 signifies RoHS compliant. Thick-layer passivation Cr3+: (slightly iridescent appearance) 0. 045mm) and goes beyond 100μm (. 1mm) All fastener finishes & plating explained that we distribute using a comprehensive, yet easy to understand reference chart. What is causing this and what can I do to address it? A. 002 inches ! Rack and Barrel plating available ! Available masking for selective surface plating ! Hydrogen Embrittlement (Parts with a hardness of 36 Rc or greater will be baked a minimum of 3 hours at 375° F to relieve entrapped hydrogen) About 0. of plating thickness is dissolved during the chromating process. METALLINE188 produces a very consistent blue-bright color with low make up and replenishment costs. Our Cr+3 signifies RoHS Zinc plating with Blue passivation SST hours - 96 hours Thickness - 15-18 microns Zinc Nickel plating with trivalent passivation SST hours - 168/720 hours Thickness - 8-12 microns The specification database is an extensive online resource of metal finishing specifications from professional specifications Q. Passivation is a process in which Zinc nickel plating is a high-performance plating process that provides exceptional corrosion resistance. 1. Here are some common problems and ways to measure coating thickness. 15%. Zinc plating is the process of protecting substrate metals with layers of zinc that serve as a barrier between the substrate and corrosive conditions. A clear passivate is close to a natural zinc finish in terms of appearance but will have considerably better corrosion resistance and appearance over time. Choose the right surface treatment for your stainless steel CNC machined part project to meet your production needs. Platers will occasionally struggle with the challenge of a blue passivate looking great upon initial makeup but yellowing in appearance after a period of two to four weeks. While functional and clean-looking, these finishes are more utilitarian and may vary slightly in color. a Information about the thread pitch with Limbo is only complementary. 0005 in. The corrosion resistance of zinc and cadmium coatings neutral salt spray. The passivation on zinc plating determines its final colour - we can offer no passivation, clear passivation (blue tinted, trivalent) or colour passivation (yellow, iridescent, hexavalent). is a metal plating company and top trusted provider of high-end zinc plating services, per ASTM-B633 specifications. Per the ASTM B633 Spec the thickness for zinc plating is as follows; SC 1 (. Scope 1. The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes below table, in the as-plated condition or with one of five types of supplementary finishes below table. With years of experience in metal fabrication, I bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, particularly in the realm of advanced coating technologies. Without customer-specific requirements, the standard layer thickness remains between 3 and 5 µm. Coating thickness being the same, yellow chromate will have better corrosion resistance than clear chromate. Jul 20, 2023 · Zinc is electroplated from acid, alkaline, and cyanide plating baths. Yuniartanto A. See the Zinc Coatings Publication for more detailed information. Will this plating specification meet the customer's requirement of salt spray test. Each zinc plating type provides different levels of corrosion protection and visual appeal, making it suitable for distinct applications. Our standard Zinc thickness is 8µm but we can apply larger deposits should it be required. 0003), SC 3 (. I have another query. The final color may be iridescent yellow green or black or blue depending on the chromate conversion coating used. Because it's thin - It doesn't interfere with fastener threads. But what exactly is zinc plating? How does the process work, and why is it so effective? Feb 5, 2019 · The fundamental aim of zinc plating is to protect metals from rust or corrosion. The relatively low cost When applied to base materials with over 5% zinc content copper and nickel barrier layers are used. We automate barrel speed, amperage, voltage, and plating time to deliver exact plating thickness while maintaining the SendCutSend's anodizing, plating, and powder coating finish services add to the surface of your parts. 8 - A3L. May 14, 2024 · Before beginning with the zinc plating process, you want to make sure that you have everything you need ready to go. co. b The maximum thickness of the coating just assuming agreement on measurement of the local thickness. Find the finish thickness specs here! Zinc Plating Specifications ASTM B-633 Specifications For Zinc Plating For use on aluminum, copper, brass, steel substrates velit nam. Callout Example: Hexagon bolt DIN 931 - M12 x 50 - 8. Clear Zinc Plating Clear zinc plating refers to a colorless chromate conversion coating that is applied over zinc as part of the post plating process. It is used on stampings, fasteners, and automotive components, providing an excellent base for painting. 00015 to . Both types offer the same level of corrosion protection. The COLDIP® NI-Z TRI BLUE 100 is operated under mild conditions that results in very low thickness loss during passivation and is a cost-effective alternative to high corrosion finishes. Our Rack Plating line can handle lengths of up to 12 feet – longer than anyone. Each color offers different levels of corrosion protection: Yellow Zinc — This type of zinc coating is commonly used in the automotive industry and offers an average level of protection against corrosion. For very corrosive Apr 25, 2025 · Zinc plating is used across industries for rust protection and durability. A zinc plater works with different metals, so you’re free to choose which works for you here. Thin-layer passivation Cr3+: (blue) 0. It does not cover electrodeposited zinc- coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A 591/A 591M for sheets). Same as the zinc clear above only the chromate contains blue pigment as an identifier. Zinc plating is a process that deposits a thin coating of zinc onto a metal substrate using an electrical current. It is a single dip blue trivalent chromate that offers high salt spray resistance for up to 130 hours to white rust corrosion, and 160-200 hours to red rust corrosion. The JIS defines the types, grades, and symbols for electro-galvanizing as shown in the table below. xhiw xa nq50h la7 okkbdgfg 36t9t 28y l8 xa8gv9 pgo